Knowing how to plant potatoes correctly, including their depth, spacing, soil needs, sunlight, water, and temperature preferences, will get your harvest off to the best start possible and provide your family with food for months to come. Read on to learn how to plant potatoes the right way (including how to grow them in containers).
One of my favorite things about the pioneer lifestyle is growing our own food. But with recent biotech and GMOs sneaking into our food, it's not just about being frugal or the added health benefits (you did know homegrown vegetables and fruits have more nutrients, right?), it's about protecting our families.
Knowing how to grow enough food at home to feed my family for a year is high on my priority list.
Growing potatoes is just one small step in starting a vegetable garden.
*Check out this blog post for more information on planting and growing beets!
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Favorite Potato Varieties
If you haven't grown potatoes, now might be the perfect time to start. Many of you know I'm a firm believer in growing heirloom plants, and the potato is no exception. We have grown many varieties of potatoes over our 20 years of gardening, and we've settled on a few of our favorites...
- Russet
- Russet Norkotah PH
- German Butterball
The above are my favorites for long-term storage. We've previously grown a purple potato called Purple Majesty. It has 10 times more antioxidants than a regular potato (and my kids love the color... lavender mashed potatoes, anyone?).
There are three basic kinds of potatoes:
Early, Mid-Season & Late Potatoes
Before planting just any old potato, you need to know how many potatoes you're growing (get my free chart on how much to plant per person for a year's worth of food here), how quickly your family will eat them, and if you're hoping to still be eating that potato harvest the following spring (meaning you'll need to choose good storage varieties). Read on for more info about the kinds of potatoes.
Early-Season Potatoes
Also called "new potatoes" or basically, potatoes that haven't fully matured or finished growing.
Early-season potatoes are ready for harvest in about 75-90 days. This is a great variety to grow if you're looking to get multiple plantings in one area of your garden.
If you live in a climate with very warm summers (staying above 90 degrees for days and weeks at a time), these early-season potatoes will be your best bet.
Likewise, if you want to plant a late-summer garden for an early fall harvest, then early-season potatoes are great for planting mid to late August.
If your potatoes have been prone to disease, the early potatoes may also be a better choice as they're the least likely to get blight because they're generally harvested well before disease sets in.
Early potatoes are not great storage potatoes, so these will be your "fresh eating" crop from the garden.
Early Season Potato Varieties
- Alta
- Chieftain
- Norland
- Red Pontiac
- Yukon Gold
Mid-Season Potatoes
Similar to early-season potatoes, mid-season potatoes will be ready fairly quick in about 95-110 days.
Mid-season potatoes aren't always great storage potatoes, so be sure to read up on the variety you're buying to know if they're better for fresh eating or long-term storage.
Mid-Season Potato Varieties
- Adirondack Blue and Red
- Purple Majesty
- Gold Rush
- Red Gold
Late-Season Potatoes
Because I like to grow food for my family that will last us a whole year, the late-season potatoes tend to be my go-to potatoes.
Late-season potatoes are sometimes referred to as "Main Crop Potatoes" and are generally ready to harvest in about 120-135 days.
Late-Season Potato Varieties
- German Butterball
- Fingerling
- Russet
- Russian Blue
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Supplies Needed for Growing Potatoes
You don't need much to grow potatoes successfully, but there is some general knowledge that will come in handy throughout the growing season. So stick with me...
- Seed Potatoes - see my favorite varieties mentioned above
- Soil - Potatoes aren't picky, but crop rotation is important, don't plant potatoes where you had tomatoes the year prior, and it's best if your soil is rich, well-draining, and acidic (4.8 to 5.5 pH).
- Space - whether you're planting in the garden or in containers, you need to have enough space for the tubers to develop.
- Sunlight - potatoes grow best in full sunlight. Plant them in a place that gets all day sun and you should be golden.
- Water - consistent watering is key for potatoes. Try not to go too long between waterings, and don't over-saturate them when you're watering.
Seed Potatoes
When growing potatoes, you can only grow them from seed potatoes. The potatoes you've purchased in the grocery store are unsuitable for seed potatoes because they can carry disease (remember the potato famine in Ireland during the 1800s, which was caused by a late blight that infected the soil and crops for multiple years). They also may have been sprayed with chemicals to keep them from sprouting on the shelf. Source
Seed potatoes are chosen for their disease resistance and are certified disease-free. Starting with disease-free potatoes is critical.
I know some people do plant potatoes they've purchased from the store once they've sprouted (with great success!), but I'd rather not take the gamble of introducing any disease to my soil and don't think it's worth the risk. Each person must decide this for themselves.
If you grow and harvest your potatoes correctly, you can grow your seed potatoes for the following year, essentially having an endless supply of potatoes. Stick with me. We'll talk about that soon.
Where to Buy Seed Potatoes
As mentioned above, we grow enough potatoes each year to have extra left over for our seed potatoes. But if you've gotta start somewhere, so if you're looking to grow potatoes and need seed potatoes, try some of the following places:
- Local garden center
- Local nursery
- Grand Teton Organic Seed Potato Company (this is where I purchase mine)
- Territorial Seed
- Johnny's
- Peaceful Valley
- Irish Eyes
- High Mowing
Pro Tip: Many places completely sell out of seed potatoes. It's a good idea not to wait until mid to late spring to try and buy them. When possible, order seed potatoes ahead of time (generally in the winter) to be sure you get on the list when they're in stock.
If you can't find seed potatoes, ask a friend if they'd be willing to share, you can cut your seed potatoes into pieces (be sure there are at least two "eyes" per piece) and it weighs at least 1 to 2 ounces per piece, allow them a couple of days to dry out and "scab up" to prevent rotting once planted, then proceed with the planting instructions below.
What is "Chitting" Potatoes?
Chitting refers to forcing potatoes to sprout. If you've stored your potatoes correctly, they may not be sprouting come spring when it's time to plant.
To chit potatoes, bring them into a dark room that's around 70 degrees F for about two weeks. This brings them out of dormancy and allows them to sprout.
Once they've begun to sprout, you can move them to a cooler location with decent light for a few weeks until you're ready to plant.
How to Plant Potatoes
There are many ways to grow potatoes, so it's important to consider both your space and how many potatoes you want to grow for both fresh eating and storing.
Growing Methods
If you're short on garden space, you can grow potatoes in containers or fabric bags. They can be grown in raised beds, long rows that you'll hill up, or even in mounds. Some people even grow them in trash cans! The moral is to grow with what you have at the moment.
Choose which growing method works best for you:
- Containers
- Fabric bags
- Raised beds
- Rows
- Hills
- Trash cans!
If you don't have the garden space for potatoes, they make an excellent container crop. You basically follow the same method as I'll lay out below. However, instead of digging a trench, you simply add a little dirt at the bottom of your container, then fill with more dirt instead of mounding each time. I discuss more about this method in Using Vegetable Grow Bags in the Garden. I've even seen pictures of people using large plastic laundry baskets... get creative!
Soil
When growing potatoes, plant them in well-draining, acidic soil that's been fertilized. The ideal pH levels for potatoes are 4.8 to 5.5. They will grow in slightly more acidic soil and usually do okay into the six pH range, but if they're in more alkaline soil (above 7.5 pH), they can't uptake many of the macronutrients in the soil and are more prone to developing scab. For more info on soil pH testing and amending go here
It's not advised to try and change your pH level by more than 1 point in a twelve-month period. Our soil pH range is around 6 (slightly acidic), so at planting time, I add 0.2 pounds of elemental sulfur (ensure it says elemental sulfur to avoid aluminum) per 10-foot row. This will lower the pH by 1 point.
Potatoes are heavy feeders. You don't want them to rot in the ground or develop a fungus. Never plant where you had tomatoes or eggplant (they are susceptible to the same diseases) the previous year, and always rotate your potatoes each year.
The ideal soil for growing potatoes is:
- Well draining
- Loose and fluffy
- Acidic
Well Draining
The biggest nemesis of growing potatoes is having them rot in the ground. This can be avoided by consistent watering and well-draining soil.
Potatoes don't like to be soggy or sit in excessively wet soil. The soil should hold water well but not pool or puddle up. It sounds funny to want well-draining soil that holds water, but that's precisely the "just right" Goldilocks effect we're looking for.
Well-draining soil also allows me to store my potatoes in the ground all winter and harvest them as needed in the kitchen!
Loose and Fluffy
As mentioned above, make sure your soil is light, fluffy, and not too compact (you don't want it to form a solid ball when squeezed together in your hand).
If your soil isn't well-draining, then you'll need to add in some organic matter (but nothing with too much nitrogen). Adding some compost and or worm castings will give the potatoes the nutrition they need to grow nice big greens but also develop large tubers as well.
Too much nitrogen in the soil, and you'll get nice big greens but tiny, underdeveloped tubers (no good!).
Temperature & Sunlight
Potatoes prefer cooler weather and full sunlight and can be put in the ground as early as two weeks before your last frost date.
They'll tolerate some heat, but if temps stay at or above the 90s for prolonged periods, they may die. Our summers are extremely mild in the Pacific Northwest, so I don't have to deal with this.
We generally plant our potatoes in the first to mid part of May.
Water
When watering potatoes, consistency is best. Try not to go too long between waterings, and don't over-saturate them when watering.
A general rule of thumb is to give them about 1 inch of water per week.
Preparing Your Seed Potatoes
Once your seed potatoes are sprouting, you have two options. If the potato is large and has more than four eyes, you can cut your seed potato (giving you two seed potatoes). However, your seed potato needs to be at least 1 to 2 ounces to have enough food to feed the emerging sprouts, so I don't cut my potatoes unless they're at least 4 ounces in size.
I prefer to plant whole-seed potatoes. These produce more pounds per plant for me and less chance of the potato rotting in the ground.
How to Cut Seed Potatoes Before Planting
If you do wish to cut your seed potatoes, there are a few simple rules to follow:
- don't cut smaller than 1 ounce
- make sure each piece has 1 to 2 eyes
- allow the cut potato to set out over 1 to 2 days to scab over (dry out)
- if the cut part isn't scabbed fully, dip in elemental sulfur at planting time
Depth & Spacing
Dig a trench about 6 to 10 inches deep. Place your cut potato with the eyes facing upwards (or plant whole potatoes as shown below if you have plenty to spare). Space 12 inches apart.
I also like to add in some elemental sulfur to help acidify and reduce scab. Cover the potatoes with about 2 inches of soil.
What Are The Best Companion Plants For Potatoes
Companion planting is used to help repel bad pests, attract "good" pests, and place plants together that benefit one another.
Don't plant potatoes with other members of the nightshade family (tomatoes and peppers) because they are all susceptible to blight. Avoid planting potatoes with carrots and squash.
Potatoes do well when planted near beans, brassicas, corn, garlic, peas, and onions.
Read How to Get Rid of Bugs on Plants Naturally Tips that Actually Work for more tips.
What to Plant with Potatoes to Keep Bugs Away
- Basil - repels potato beetles
- Nasturtium - repels potato beetles and attracts beneficial insects, also helps to repel cabbage moths so is excellent to plant with potatoes if you've paired them with brassicas.
- Marigold- deters root nematodes (this happens once the plant is chopped up and worked back into the soil for the following year), repels potato bus and white fly. Attracts beneficial insects such as hover flies, lacewings, ladybird beetles, mantids, robber flies, some spiders and predatory mites.
Mounding or Hilling Potatoes
After potatoes have sprouted, you'll need to mound soil around them if they're indeterminate varieties.
Indeterminate varieties grow to an undetermined height and if you surround the foilage with dirt, they will create more vines and tubers, therefore mounding indeterminate varieties means a larger potato harvest.
You may wonder if mounding is really that important. I'm here to tell you, it is for indeterminate varieties.
You won't kill your determinate potatoes by mounding but you won't be increasing the harvest size so it can be a wasted effort.
Indeterminate Potatoes List
- Altura
- Bintje
- Butte
- Elba
- German Butterball
- Red Norland
- Red Pontiac
- Russet Burbank
- Russian Blue
Generally speaking, long-day potatoes are indeterminate but always check the exact variety.
Potatoes are produced from the tubers, and if left exposed to light, they'll turn green and possibly poisonous. (Yes, this is true.) When you see green on potatoes, it's chlorophyll (harmless) BUT it can be a sign it has a higher level of solanine (a glycoalkaloid and toxic chemical) so you want to avoid eating large amounts green potatoes.
Mounding helps protect the tubers (potatoes) from getting too much sun and keeps them safe for consumption.
Mounding also helps inhibit blight. Mound the soil up once the foliage has reached about 8 inches high with a hoe. It's better to not mound the soil too steep, so it won't wash away in the rain. Mound up until only 2 inches of leaves are left showing.
Additional mounding of dirt should be done once you have new growth of about 4-6 inches. This will be repeated 3 to 4 times throughout the growing season.
Once potatoes are blossoming, stop mounding. You can damage the new tender shoots beneath the surface of the soil and the plant won't continue to produce new tubers after this point.
Have you had success growing potatoes? What kind of potato are you growing this year?
More Gardening Articles
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- Beginner Gardening Secrets You Need to Know
- Science-Based Companion Planting Strategies
- 13 Basic Steps to Starting a Vegetable Garden
- How to Create a Garden Plan for More Harvest & Less Stress
- Planning a Fall Garden (28 Crops to Plant in August)
- 10 Tomato Growing Tips for a Disease Free Harvest
- Preventing and Treating Early Blight for Tomato and Potato Plants
Jocelyne Sewell
This was the best article I read about growing potatoes. All the information
needed is all on the same page. Thank you so much.
Heather
Last year I planted 2 dozen grow bags, but almost all the potatoes were super small. We ate them, but it was discouraging and they were hard to prep. The year before they had wireworm so we had to throw more than half out! I'm determined to get it right this year.
Jeana
Thank you for all the useful information provided in your article. I thought I'd mention something that worked well for me, and might be useful to someone else. All natural, organic grocery stores are a great place to pick potatoes up! They don't come with growing information, but that's easily found online. Plus, there are never any shortages and usually less expensive because they're being marketed to be eaten, not multiplied. I'm not sure how to tell if a potato is a seed potato or not, but if it sprouts, it is fair game in our house.
Thanks again for sharing your knowledge, happy harvesting!
Karen
If you grow potatoes in pots, do you need to completely replace the soil each year to prevent blight? This year I've grown my potatoes in two REALLY big pots, and I'm not sure how to manage future crop rotation without getting rid of soil (and this would be about 7 big bags of soil!)
Kristin
I saw you mentioned that you tried leaving the potatoes in the ground over the winter to see if you could store them like this until you needed them. Did this method work?
Cindy
I live in southern California where the summers get really hot so I have trouble with keeping my plants from dying from the heat. When is the best time for me to plant potatoes? Do you have any tips on how to keep my plants cooler during the hotest times of the day? Thank you.
Melissa Norris
Potatoes need temps above 40 degrees to grow but once it gets hotter than 90 degrees you run into issues with heat, so whenever your days are less than 90 degrees with no heat (variety depends but 75 to 135 days within this range if possible).
Karen
I have grown potatoes successfully from tubers but this year, I thought I might try something new: actually planting seeds. Off the top, do you have any suggestions for starting from seeds?
Thank you so much for your helpful "mentoring"!
Melissa Norris
I've only used seed potatoes so I'm no help there, but let me know how it goes for you!
Nicole Hyde
Talking about potato planting, How far apart or how many do you put together in a fabric pot?
Melissa Norris
You want enough room for them to develop and not rob nutrients so I would still try to place them close to a 12 inches apart if possible
Cherie
What is the name of that GMO potato for those that want to avoid it?
A good place to buy seed potatoes is Wood Prairie Family Farm.
Melissa Norris
Great question, Ranger Russet, Russet Burbank and Atlantic are GMO varieties and are produced by J.R. Simplot Co
Kristy
How do you tell which seed potatoes are the GMO Russet Burbanks? Even the organic sellers such as Grand Teton Organic Seed Potatoes have the Russet Burbanks. Are the Russet Norkotahs a better option?
Janele
My favorite heirloom potato to plant is the Irish Cobbler potato. It has a nuttier taste and is creamy and perfect for mashed potatoes.
Curtis
How do you know when potatoes are ready for harvesting?
Marilyn
I'm experimenting with potato towers this year, and the plants are looking really good. Basically, we made bottomless boxes, about 4 ft square and 1 ft high, and planted potatoes in shallow trenches inside. As the plants grow, I'm filling the boxes with my best garden soil. When one layer is full, we add another box on top. So far, we are filling a third layer, and the plants are about 2ft 6in tall. Can't wait to see how many potatoes we can harvest!
Danie
Hey Melissa,
I live in California
Just this year I was able to plant a garden, I am so excited, I have pumpkins, purple potatoes, I got mmineat at walmart store in the garden department I am so excited! It was the last bag too I had 6 potatoes and I planted each plant in its own hole. So I am so excited. Now when do you harvest your potatoes???
Thanks for your advice and tips on growing
Melissa Norris
Danie,
Typically we harvest in the late summer for the larger potatoes but you can dig down (gently) to see how large they are, or harvest baby potatoes, harvest depends on the variety you planted.
Danie
Hey Melissa,
Great thanks, so far I am completely ignoring them, I just give them some water and then let the sun do the rest.
Renee Gardner
Nice article, I'm looking for those purple potato starts. I use my large dog food bags (repurposed) for planting my potatoes, and keep the dried died down vines as a mulch/straw with a little soil at the bottom of the bag. As the potatoes grow I add more soil and mulch. It's easy to harvest, just flip the bag onto a tarp and pick out the potatoes.
Back to Eden gardener in Sequim does what I call organic tithing - replanting the best potato that same day. No cutting up the potato. You already have soil rich in mulch, just add some worm castings / compost and some inoculated bio-char to hold nutrients and water, and start your next batch in the same bag. Easy.
Additional benefit is that slugs/worms will accumulate under the bag where it is moist and cool. Being in the Pacific North"wet" if you have an excess of slugs you really have a deficiency of ducks. I have two ducks in my yard that provide me with wonderful organic eggs, two eggs nearly every day for the past 3 months. I just have to protect my lettuce, and a couple other crops, they love their greens, too! Egg shells are baked, ground in the coffee grinder, and returned to ducks and soil for the calcium boost. Little goes to waste.
Glad I found your site!! 🙂
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Janie Favuzza
I wanted to "root" the roses I was given and I read you could stick the rose stem into a potato and they would grow. Well, the stems died but the potatoes have really started growing. I don't know what to do with these potatoes now. I kinda want to peek but I don't want to kill them. They were large store bought potatoes. When should I harvest? They are blooming too. Any advise will be helpful. I live just north of Houston, TX. Thank you.
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Lisa
I cut up my seed potatoes yesterday like the box said and planned on planting them today. It's raining cats and dogs here and the soil will be WAY too mucky to plant. Is it ok to leave the cut up pieces sit out longer than one day?
Melissa K. Norris
I think they'll be fine for a day. Just try to get them in as soon as your soil allows. 🙂
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Rebecca
Hey!
I just planted 5 trenches of my first ever potato crop-- I should have checked your blog a week ago! But I think I got some of the basics right, trench depth, spacing, planting whole seed potatoes, soil, and watering. However, I purchased seed potatoes a little too early this year in attempt to get them before they sold out at our local garden store. I had them stored away in the back of a cabinet and when I took them out for planting, they had grown long spidery leg sprouts, instead of compact little sprouts. I decided to experiment and plant them anyway. Do you know if and/or how the crop will be compromised?
Thank you!
Sherry Beeson
Thanks, for all the information!
I am wondering where oh where do we buy heirloom seeds??? Is there a way to tell if they are truly heirloom, meaning no GMO and all that other bad stuff???
Melissa Norris
Hi, Sherry, two companies I know for a fact that are heirloom and non-GMO is Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds and Seeds for Generations from the picture in the above article. Just click on the photo that says Seeds for Generations and it will take you to their website. It's a family run business.
Kristen Rogers
Wood Prairie Farms out of Maine is also a great resource for non-gmo organic seed potatoes 🙂 and the owners are lovely and very helpful.
Cheers!
Kristen
Samantha Burns
Thanks for this! I've been planting potatoes for a couple of years, but it seems like I'm always uncertain about which way to place the eyes when I'm out there in the garden! Great post and great pics!
Melissa Norris
You're so welcome, Samantha. It's funny what I forget when I'm in the garden and have to run inside to look up.....or just wing it and hope it turns out right. lol I'm investigating getting Mason bees for next years fruit trees, I might be asking you questions as I see from your website you're a bee keeper.
Melissa K Norris
Yea for gardening! We get our seed potatoes from our local farming supply store. Once you have your own potatoes you can save them for seed. It might be too late for mail order but you can order that way too. Can't wait to hear how it goes!
Randy
I love growing in bags. So easy to harvest.
This year I'm trying Huckleberry Golds in addition to russet and Yukon Gold. Any experience with HGs? I'm in PNW, too.
Melissa Norris
I haven't grown Huckleberry Golds, let me know how you like them though!
Joanne Bischof
This was really helpful! My garden is nearly empty this year and that makes me so sad. I really want to get on top of it. I had some potatoes that I was going to plant but they are not seed potatoes. I'm so glad I read this so I could know how to do it right!! 🙂 Where do you buy your seed potatoes?
Ellen
Love to know more about growing potatoes in grow bags.